The following bibliography lists studies in Western languages on the history and appreciation of gardens in China. For a comprehensive, topically ordered bibliography of 20th-century studies (including those in Chinese and Japanese) refer to Stanislaus Fung's "Guide to secondary sources on Chinese gardens," in Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 269-286.

Go to the alphabetical list

1743

• Attiret, Jean-Denis, S.J. (1702-1768). "Lettre à M. d'Assaut, 1er novembre 1743," in Lettres édifiantes et curieuses écrites des missions étrangères par quelques missionnaires de la compagnie de Jésus. Paris: Guérin, 1749, 27:1-61. English translation of 1752 by Joseph Spence [Sir Harry Beaumont], A Particular Account of the Emperor of China's Gardens near Pekin; rpt. in The English Landscape Garden, ed. John Dixon Hunt (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1982).

1772

• Chambers, Sir William, (1726-1796). A Dissertation of Oriental Gardening. Rpt.: Farnborough: Gregg, 1972.

1774

• Watelet, Claude-Henri, (1718-1786). "Le jardin chinois," in his Essay sur les jardins. Paris: Prault, 1774, 125-137.

1782

• Cibot, Pierre Martial, (1727-1780). "Essai sur les jardins de plaisance des chinois," in Mémoirs concernant l'histoire, les sciences, les arts, les moeurs, les usages, etc. des chinois par les missionaires de Pé-kin. Paris: Nyon, 1776-1791, 8:301-326.

1786

• LeRouge, Georges-Louis, ed. Jardins chinois contenant les XI principales maisons de l'empereur de Chine, tirées du Cabinet du Roi et calquées sur les tableaux peints sur soye à Pequin. Paris: 1787.

1803

• Delatour, Louis-François. Essai sur l'architecture des chinois, sur leurs jardins, leurs principes de médecine, et leurs moeurs et usages. Paris: Imprimerie De Clousier, 1803.

1822

• Livingstone, J. "Account of the Method of Dwarfing Trees and Shrubs, as practiced by the Chinese, including their plan of propagation from branches," Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 4 (1822), 224-231.

1900

• Chen Haozi (b. 1611). Miroir des fleurs. Guide pratique du jardinier amateur en Chine au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Librairie Plon, 1900. Translation by Jules Halphin of Chen's Hua jing of 1688.

1913

• Laufer, Berthold. "The Wang Ch'uan T'u. A Landscape of Wang Wei," Ostasiatische Zeitschrift 1 (1912-1913), 28-55.

1922

• Kerby, Kate. An Old Chinese Garden. A Three-fold Masterpiece of Poetry, Calligraphy and Painting, by Wen Chen Ming, Famous Landscape Artist of the Ming Dynasty. Studies written by Kate Kerby, Translations by Mo Zung Chung. Shanghai: Chung Hwa Book Co., 1922.

1923

• von Delius, Rudolf. Der chinesische Garten. Stuttgart und Heilbronn: Walter Seifert Verlag, 1923.

1929

• Wilson, Ernest H. China: Mother of Gardens. Boston, MA: The Stratford Company, 1929.

1930

• Elwood, Philip H. "Impressions of Garden Art in China and Japan," Landscape Architecture 20, 3 (April 1930), 192-200.

1931

• Howard, Edwin Laclede. Chinese Garden Architecture: A Collection of Photographs of Minor Chinese Buildings. New York: Macmillan, 1931.

1933

• Yeh, William Hung. The Mi Garden (Shaoyuan tulu kao). Beijing: Harvard-Yenching Institute Sinological Index Series (Supplement no. 5), 1933.

1934

• Malone, Carroll Brown. History of the Peking Summer Palaces under the Ch'ing Dynasty. Urbana: The University of Illinois, 1934 (rpt. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1966).

1935

• Wu, Shih-chang. "Notes on the Origin of the Chinese Private Gardens," translated and condensed by Grace M. Boynton, China Journal 23 (July 1935), 17-22.

1936

• Adam, Maurice. Yuanming yuan. L'oevre architecturale des anciens jésuites au XVIIIe siècle. Peiping: Imprimerie des Lazaristes, 1936.

• Nance, F.R. Soochow, The Garden City. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh Ltd., 1936

1938

• Graham, Dorothy. Chinese Gardens: Gardens of the Contemporary Scene, an Account of their Design and Symbolism. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1938.

1940

• Chen, K.S., and G. N. Kates. "Prince Kung's Palace and Its Adjoining Garden in Peking," Monumenta Serica 5 (1940), 1-80.

• Inn, Henry, and Shao-chung Lee eds. Chinese Houses and Gardens. Honolulu: Fong Inn, 1940.

1943

• Powell, Florence Lee. In the Chinese Garden: A Photographic Tour of the Complete Chinese Garden, with Text Explaining its Symbolism, as Seen in the Liu Yüan (the Liu Garden) and the Shih Tsu Lin (the Forest of Lions), Two Famous Chinese Gardens in the City of Soochow, Kiangsu Province, China. New York: John Day Co., 1943.

1948

• Lancaster, Clay. "The European Palaces at the Yuanmingyuan," La Gazette des Beaux-Arts (1948), 261-314.

• Siren, Osvald. "Architectural Elements of the Chinese Garden," Architectural Review 103 (June 1948).

1949

• Siren, Osvald. Gardens of China. New York: Ronald Press, 1949.

1950

• Danby, Hope. The Garden of Perfect Brightness: The History of the Yuan Ming Yuan and of the Emperors who lived there. London: Henry Regnery Company, 1950.

1959

• Hecken, J. L. van, and W.A. Grootaers. "The Half Acre Garden, Pan-mou Yüan," Monumenta Serica 18 (1959), 360-387.

• Li, Hui-lin. Garden Flowers of China. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1959.

• Wilhelm, Hellmut. "Shih Ch'ung and his Chi-ku Yüan," Monumenta Serica 18 (1959), 314-327.

1961

• Schafer, Edward H. Tu Wan's Stone Catalogue of Cloudy Forest. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.

1963

• Schafer, Edward H. "Cosmos in Miniature: The Tradition of the Chinese Garden," Landscape 12, 3 (Spring 1963), 24-26.

1964

• Vandermeersch, Leon. "L'arrangement de fleurs en Chine," Arts asiatiques 11 (1964), 79-140.

1965

• Schafer, Edward H. "Li Te-yü and the Azalea," Asiatische Studien 18/19 (1965), 105-114.

• Schafer, Edward H. "The Idea of Created Nature in T'ang Literature," Philosophy East and West 15 (1965), 153-160.

1966

• Schulz, Alexander. Hsi Yang Lou. Untersuchungen zu den 'Europäischen Bauten' des Kaisers Ch'ien-Lung. Würzburg.: Universität Würzburg, 1966.

1968

• Laing, Ellen Johnston. "Real or Ideal: The Problem of the 'Elegant Gathering in the Western Garden' in Chinese Historical and Art Historical Records," Journal of the American Oriental Society 88, 3. (July-September 1968), 419-435.Download this article in pdf, if your library subscribes to JSTOR.

• Schafer, Edward. "Hunting Parks and Animal Enclosures in Ancient China," Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 11 (1968), 318-343.

• Weng, Wan-go. Gardens in Chinese Art. New York: China Institute in America, 1968.

1971

• Bauer, Wolfgang. China und die Hoffnung auf Glück: Paradiese, Utopien, Idealvorstellungen in der Geistesgeschichte Chinas. München: Hanser, 1971.

1976

• Plaks, Andrew H. Archetype and Allegory in the Dream of the Red Chamber (Chapter VII "The Chinese Literary Garden"; Chapter VIII "A Garden of Total Vision: The Allegory of the Ta-Kuan Yüan"). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.

• Rainer, Roland. Die Welt als Garten - China. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1976.

1978

• Bauer, Wolfgang. China and the Search for Happiness: Recurring Themes in Four Thousand Years of Chinese Cultural History. New York: Seabury Press, 1976. Translated from the 1971 German China und die Hoffnung auf Glück by Michael Shaw.

• Keswick, Maggie. The Chinese Garden: History, Art and Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1978. Reviews: by John Pilcher in Asian Affairs 11, pt.2 (June 1980), 196-198.

1979

• Conner, Patrick. "China and the Landscape Garden: Reports, Engravings and Misconception," Art History (London) 2, 4 (December 1979), 429-440.

• Cranz, Galen. "The Useful and Beautiful: Urban Parks in China," in Landscape 23.2 (1979), 3-10.

1980

• Fang-tu, Lien-che. "Ming Gardens," Papers in Far Eastern History 22 (September 1980), 1-15.

• Liu Dunzhen. La maison chinoise. Paris: Bibliothèque Berger-Levrault, 1980. Translation and adaptation by Georges Métailié et al. of Liu's Zhongguo zhuzhai gaishuo.

• Vance, Mary A. Gardens of China: Books in English. Monticello: Vance Bibliographies.

1981

• Markbreiter, Stephen. "Yu Yuan: A Shanghai Garden," Arts of Asia 9, 6 (November-December 1981), 99-110.

• Murck, Alfreda, and Wen Fong. "A Chinese Garden Court: The Astor Court at the Metropolitan Museum of Art," Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 38, 3 (Winter 1980-81), 1- 64 [download as pdf from JSTOR].

1982

• Nan, Chung Wah. The Art of Chinese Gardens. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1982.

• Qiao, Yun ed. Classical Chinese Gardens. Hong Kong and Beijing: Joint Publishing Company Ltd., 1982.

• Vinograd, Richard. "Family Properties: Personal Context and Cultural Pattern in Wang Meng's Pien Mountains of 1366," Ars Orientalis 13 (1982), 1-29.

• Wood, Frances. "The Traditional Gardens of Suzhou," Garden History 10, 2 (Autumn 1982), 108-141.

• Yang Hongxun. The Classical Gardens of China: History and Design Techniques. Translated by Wang Huimin. New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.

1983

• Barnhart, Richard. Peach Blossom Spring: Gardens and Flowers in Chinese Painting. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983.

• Beuchert, Marianne. Die Gärten Chinas. Köln: Diederichs Verlag, 1983.

• Ledderose, Lothar. "The Earthly Paradise: Religious Elements in Chinese Landscape Art," in Theories of the Arts in China, Susan Bush and Christian Murck eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983, 165-183.

• Morris, Edwin T. The Gardens of China: History, Art and Meaning. New York: Scribners, 1983.

• Yu, Dejun (comp). The Botanical Gardens of China. Beijing: Science Press, 1983.

1984

• Chen, Congzhou. Shuo yuan / On Chinese Gardens. Translated by Chen Xiongshan et al. Shanghai: Tongji University Press, 1984.

1985

• Bickford, Maggie (ed.). Bones of Jade, Soul of Ice. The Flowering Plum in Chinese Art. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery, 1985.

• Hay, John. Kernels of Energy, Bones of Earth. The Rock in Chinese Art. New York: China Institute in America, 1985.

1986

• Chen, Lifang, and Yu Sianglin. The Garden Art of China. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1986. Translation of Zhongguo caoyuan yishu. Review: by Jusuck Koh in Landscape Journal 8, 1 (Spring 1989), 70-75.

• Institute of History of Natural Sciences, CAS (comp.). History and Development of Ancient Chinese Architecture. Beijing: Science Press, 1986.

• Ip, Benjamin Wai-bun. "The Expression of Nature in Traditional Suzhou Gardens," Journal of Garden History 6, 2 (April-June 1986), 125-140.

• Keswick, Maggie. The Chinese Garden: History, Art and Architecture 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986.

• Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. VI.1, Botany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

• Nelson, Susan E. "On Through to the Beyond: The Peach Blossom Spring as Paradise," Archives of Asian Ar t 39 (1986), 23-47.

• Scott, Mary. "The Image of the Garden in Jin Ping Mei and Hongloumeng," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) 8, 1/2 (July 1986), 83-94. Download this article in pdf, if your institution subscribes to JSTOR.

1987

• Clement, Sophie, Pierre Clement, and Shin Yong-hak. Architecture du paysage en Extrême-Orient. Paris: Ecole nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, 1987.

• Hay, John. "Structure and Aesthetic Criteria in Chinese Rocks and Art,' Res 13 (Spring 1987), 6-22.

• Laing, Ellen Johnston. "Qiu Ying's Depiction of Sima Guang's Duluo Yuan and the View from the Chinese Garden," Oriental Art 33 (1987), 375-380.

• Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens, Michele. Le Yuanmingyuan. Jeux d'eau et palais europeens du XVIIIe siècle à la cour de Chine. Paris: Editions recherche sur les civilisations, 1987.

• Rambach, Pierre, and Susanne Rambach. Gardens of Longevity in China and Japan: The Art of the Stone Raisers. New York: Rizzoli International, 1987.

• Stein, Rolf A. Le monde en petit: jardins en miniature et habitations dans la pensée religieuse d'Extrême-Orient. Paris: Flammarion, 1987.

1988

• Durand, Antoine. "Restitution des palais européens du Yuanming yuan," Arts Asiatiques 43 (1988), 123-133.

• Ji Cheng. The Craft of Gardens [Yuan ye], trans. Alison Hardie, with a foreward by Maggie Keswick. New Haven and London. Reviews: by Joseph McDermott in Garden History 18, 1 (1990), 70-74; by Jan Stuart in Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 49, 2 (June 1990).

• Munakata, Kiyohiko. "Mysterious Heavens and Chinese Classical Gardens." Res 15 (1988), 61-88.

• Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens, Michèle. "The Emperor Qianlong's European Palaces," Orientations (November 1988), 61-71.

• Tsu, Frances Ya-sing. Landscape Design in Chinese Gardens. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

1989

• Chao, Chung-Sheng. "Aspects of Traditional Chinese Houses and Gardens," Ph.D. dissertation (University of Sydney, Dept. of Architecture, 1989).

• Dardess, John. "A Ming Landscape: Settlement, Land Use, Labor, and Estheticism in Tai-ho County, Kiangsi," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 49, 2 (Dec., 1989), 295-364. Download this article in pdf, if your library subscribes to JSTOR.

• Hargett, James. "The Pleasure Parks of Kaifeng and Lin'an during the Song (960-1279)," Chinese Culture 30, 1 (March 1989), 61-78.

• Hargett, James. "Huizong's Magic Marchmount: The Genyue Pleasure Park of Kaifeng," Monumenta Serica 38 (1988-89), 1-48.

• Pirazzoli-t'Serstevens, Michèle. "A Pluridisciplinary Research on Castiglione and the Emperor Ch'ien-lung's European Palaces," National Palace Museum Bulletin 24, 4 and 5 (September 1989), 1-12 (December 1989), 1-16.

1990

• Currie, Christopher K. "Fishponds as Garden Features, c.1550-1750", Garden History 18 (1990), 22-46.

• He, Shan-An, et al. eds. Present Conservation Status of Rare and Endangered Species in Chinese Botanical Gardens: Supplement to International Symposium on Botantical Gardens, 25-28 September 1988 held at Nanjing, China. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science & Tec, 1990.

• Stuart, Jan. "Ming dynasty gardens reconstructed in words and images," Journal of Garden History 10, 3 (1990), 162-172.

• Stuart, Jan. "A Scholar's Garden in Ming China: Dream and Reality," Asian Art 3, 4 (Fall 1990), 31-52.

• Stein, Rolf A. The World in Miniature: Container Gardens and Dwellings in Far Eastern Religious Thought. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. Translation by Phyliss Brooks of Stein's 1987 book. Reviews: by Craig Clunas in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 35 (1993), 370-372.

• Sung, Hou-mei Ishida. "Wang Fu and His Depiction of the Bamboo Garden, Shu shen chu," Oriental Art 36, 3 (Autumn 1990), 138-146.

1991

• Clunas, Craig. "Deal and Reality in the Ming Garden," in Erik de Jong and Leslie Tjon Sie Fat, eds., The Authentic Garden. Amsterdam: Clusius Foundation, 1991, 197-205.

• Hardie, Alison. "Ji Cheng's Yuan Ye (The Craft of Gardens) in its Social Setting," in Erik de Jong and Leslie Tjon Sie Fat, eds., The Authentic Garden. Amsterdam: Clusius Foundation, 1991, 207-214.

• Hu, Dongzhu. The Way of Virtuous: The Influence of Art and Philosophy on Chinese Garden Design. Beijing: New World Press.

• Johnston, R. Stewart. Scholar Gardens of China: A Study and Analysis of the Spatial Design of the Chinese Private Garden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reviews: by J. C.Y. Watt in Journal of Asian Studies 52, 2 (May 1993), 441-442 (download in pdf via JSTOR).

• Métailié, Georges. "Insight into Chinese Traditional Botanical Knowledge," in Erik de Jong and Leslie Tjon Sie Fat, eds., The Authentic Garden. Amsterdam: Clusius Foundation, 1991, 215-223.

• Munakata Kiyohiko. Sacred Mountains in Chinese Art. Campaign: Illinois University Press, 1991.

• Spring, Madeline K. "The Celebrated Cranes of Po Chü-i," Journal of the American Oriental Society 111, 1 (January-March 1991), 8-18. (Download in pdf via JSTOR).

• Titley, Norah, and Frances Wood. Oriental Gardens. London: British Library, 1991.

• Zhong Ming. "An Approach to the Recording and Preservation of Chinese Gardens," in Erik de Jong and Leslie Tjon Sie Fat, eds., The Authentic Garden. Amsterdam: Clusius Foundation, 1991, 225-230.

1992

• Bald, R.C. "Sir William Chambers and the Chinese Garden," in Julia Ching and Willard G. Oxtoby eds. Discovering China: European interpretations in the Enlightenment. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1992, 142-175.

• Chen Lixian. Art and Architecture in Suzhou Gardens. Nanjing: Yilin Press, 1992.

• Han Pao-te. The Story of Chinese Landscape Design: External Forms and Internal Visions. Translation by Carl Shen. Taipei: Youth Cultural Enterprise, 1992.

• Handlin-Smith, Joanna. "Gardens in Ch'i Pao-chia's Social World: Wealth and Values in Late-Ming Kiangnan," Journal of Asian Studies 51, 1 (February 1992), 55-81. Download this article in pdf if your institution subscribes to JSTOR.

• Laing, Ellen Johnston. "Ch'iu Ying's Two Garden Paintings Belonging to the Chion-in, Kyoto," in Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Chinese Art History: Painting and Calligraphy. Taipei: National Palace Museum, 1992, 1:331-358.

• Liu Dunzhen. Chinese Classical Gardens of Suzhou. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Translation by Chen Lixian of Liu's 1979 Suzhou gudian yuanlin.

1993

• Durand, A., and Regine Thiriez. "Engraving the Emperor of China's European Palaces," Biblion: The Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 1, 2 (Spring 1993), 81-107.

• Gournay, Antoine. "L'aménagement de l'espace dans le jardin chinois," Asies II: Aménager l'espace. Flora Blanchon (ed.). Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 1993.

• Harrist, Robert E. "Site Names and their Meaning in the Garden of Solitary Enjoyment," Journal of Garden History 13 (1993), 199-212.

1994

• Droguet, Vincent. "Les palais européens de l’empereur Qianlong et leurs sources italiennes", Histoire de l’art, 25-26 (1994), 15-28.

• Genest, Gilles. "Les Palais européens du Yuanmingyuan: essai sur la végétation dans les jardins," Arts Asiatiques 49 (1994), 82-94.

• Strassberg, Richard E. Inscribed Landscapes: Travel Writings from Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press.

1995

• Berque, Augustin. Les raisons du paysage: de la Chine antique aux environnements de synthèse. Paris: Hazan, 1995).

• Clunas, Craig. "The Gift and the Garden," Orientations 26, 2 (1995), 38-45.

• Fung, Stanislaus, and Mark Jackson. "Four Key Terms in the History of Chinese Gardens," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Architectural History. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong (August, 1995).

• Métailié, Georges. "Lettrés jardiniers en Chine Ancienne," Journal d'agriculture traditionelle et de botanique appliquée 37, 1 (1995), 31-44.

• Murck, Alfreda. "Paintings of Stem Lettuce, Cabbage, and Weeds: Allusions to Tu Fu's Garden," Archives of Asian Art 48 (1995), 32-47.

• Zhang, Dai. Souvenirs rêvés de Tao'an. Translated and annotated by Brigitte Teboul-Wang. Paris: Gallimard, 1995.

1996

• Barmé, Geremie. The Garden of Perfect Brightness: A Life in Ruins. George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, 57. Canberra: Australian National University.

• Bickford, Maggie. Ink Plum: The Making of a Chinese Scholar-Painting Genre. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

• Clunas, Craig. Fruitful Sites. Garden Culture in Ming China. Durham: Duke University Press. Reviews: by Mark Jackson in Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II 19, 3/4 (Autumn/Winter 1999), 302-313.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Garden, VI, 1: China," The Dictionary of Art, vol. 12, ed. Jane Turner. New York: Grove's Dictionaries, 1996, 85-101.

• Harrist, Robert E. "Art and Identity in the Northern Sung Dynasty: Evidence from Gardens," in Arts of the Sung and Yüan, edited by Maxwell K. Hearn and Judith G. Smith. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996.

• Li, June, and James Cahill. Paintings of Zhi Garden by Zhang Hong: Revisiting a Seventeenth- Century Chinese Garden. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

• Pajin, Dusan. "Symbolism of Chinese Gardens," Journal of Oriental Studies 34, 1 (1996), 17-33.

1997

• Ji Cheng. Yuanye, le traité du jardin (1634). Translated by Che Bing Chiu. Besançon: Les éditions de l'imprimeur, 1997.

• Clunas, Craig. "Nature and Ideology in Western Descriptions of the Chinese Garden," in Nature and Ideology: Natural Garden Design in the Twentieth Century, Joachim Wolschke-Buhlmahn ed., Dumbarton Oaks: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1997, 21-33. Reprinted in Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident 22 (2000), 153-166.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Body and Appropriateness in Yuan ye," Intersight 4 (1997), 84-91.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "The Imaginary Garden of Liu Shilong," Terra Nova 2 (Fall 1997), 15-21.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Word and Garden in Chinese Essays on Gardens of the Ming Dynasty: Notes on Matters of Approach," in Interfaces: Image, Texte, Langage (Dijon, France), 11-12 (June 1997), 77-90.

• Métailié, Georges, and Nicole Stäuble Tercier. Au jardin potager chinois. Vevey: Alimentarium, 1997.

• Mowry, Robert, ed. Worlds Within Worlds: The Rosenblum Collection of Chinese Scholar's Rocks. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Art Museums.

• Wong, Kenneth King Chi. "The Influence of Merchant Patronage on Yangzhou Gardens in the Qing Dynasty," in On What Grounds: Refereed Proceedings of the 1997 Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand, Sean Pickersgill and Peter Scriver (eds.). Adelaide: Society of Architectural Historians, 1997.

1998

• Brandel, Judith, and Tina Turbeville. Tiger Balm Gardens: A Chinese Billionaire's Fantasy Environments. Hong Kong: Aw Boon Haw Foundation, 1998.

• Brown, Claudia. "Where Immortals Dwell: Shared Symbolism in Painting and Scholar's Rocks," Oriental Art 44, 1 (1998), 11-17.

• Cheng Liyao. Ancient Chinese Architecture: Imperial Gardens. New York: Springer Verlag, 1998.

• Feng Jin. "Jing. the Concept of Scenery in Texts on the Traditional Chinese Garden: An Initial Exploration," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 4 (Winter 1998), 339-365.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Notes on the Make-do Garden," Utopian Studies 9, 1 (1998), 142-148.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "The interdisciplinary prospects of reading Yuan ye," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 211-231.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Guide to secondary sources on Chinese gardens," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 269-286.

• Hall, David L., and Roger T. Ames. "The cosmological setting of Chinese gardens," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 175-186.

• Harrist, Robert E. Painting and Private Life in Eleventh-Century China. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

• Lutz, Albert, and Alexandra von Przychowski (eds.). Wege ins Paradies oder die Liebe zum Stein in China. Zurich: Museum Rietberg Zurich, 1998.

• Makeham, John. "The Confucian role of names in traditional Chinese gardens," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 187-210.

• Métailié, Georges. "Some hints on 'Scholar Gardens' and plants in traditional China," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 248-256.

• Minford, John. "The Chinese garden: death of a symbol," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 257-268.

• Mowry, Robert D. Chinesische Gelehrtensteine aus der Sammlung Richard Rosenblum. Zurich: Museum Rietberg Zurich, 1998.

• Powers, Martin J. "Garden Rocks, Fractals, and Freedom: Tao Yuanming Comes Home," Oriental Art 44, 1 (Spring 1998), 28-38.

• Sensabaugh, David. "Fragments of Mountain and Chunks of Stone: The Rock in the Chinese Garden," Oriental Art 44, 1 (Spring 1998), 18-27.

• Shi Mingzheng. "From Imperial Gardens to Public Parks: The Transformation of Urban Space in Early Twentieth-Century Beijing," Modern China 24, 3 (July 1998), 219-254. Download this article in pdf if your institution subscribes to JSTOR.

• Thiriez, Régine. Barbarian Lens: Western Photographers of the Qianlong Emperor's European Palaces. Amsterdam: Gordon & Breach.

• Wang, Liangying, et al. Chinese Tree Peony. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1998.

• Wang, Joseph Cho. The Chinese Garden. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

• Wang Yi. "Interior display and its relation to external spaces in traditional Chinese gardens," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 18, 3 (Autumn 1998), 232-247.

1999

• Campbell, Duncan. "Qi Biaojia's 'Footnotes to Allegory Mountain': Introduction and Translation," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 239-242.

• Cheng Liyao. Ancient Chinese Architecture: Private Gardens. New York: Springer Verlag. Translation of Cheng's Zhongguo Gujianzhu Daxi: Wenren Yuanlin Jianzhu.

• Chiu, Che Bing. "Droiture et Clarté: Scène Paysagère au Jardin de la Clarté Parfaite," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 364-375.

• Forêt, Philippe. "The Intended Perception of the Imperial Gardens of Chengde in 1780," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 343-363.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Here and There in the Yuan Ye," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 19, 1 (Spring 1999), 36-45.

• Fung, Stanislaus, ed. Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19:3/4 (Autumn/Winter 1999). Includes nine articles, including several translations of early Chinese texts.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Longing and Belonging in Chinese Garden History." In Perspectives on Garden Histories, ed. Michel Conan, 207-221. Washington D.C.: Dumberton Oaks, The Trustees for Harvard University, 1999.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Mutuality and the Cultures of Landscape Architecture." In Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture. Edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.

• Hammond, Kenneth J. "Wang Shizhen's Yan Shan Garden Essays: Narrating a Literati Landscape," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 276-287.

• Hardie, Alison, "Hu Yinglin's Connoisseurs of Flowers': Translation and Commentary," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 243-271.

• Hearn, Maxwell K. "An Early Ming Example of Multiples: Two Versions of Elegant Gathering in the Apricot Garden," in Judith G. Smith and Wen C.Fong eds., Issues of Authenticity in Chinese Painting. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999, 221-256.

• Hesemann, Sabine. "Die Gärten Chinas: Berichte von Arkadien - Notizen zur chinesischen Gartenkultur," in China: Kunst, Kultur, Wirtschaft: Dreitausend Jahre chinesische Kunst und Kultur und chinesisch-deutsche Beziehungen am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Wilhelm Becker et al. Soest: Institut für Technologie- und Wissenstransfer, 1999, 38-61.

• Hu, Philip K. "The Shao Garden of Mi Wanzhong (1570-1628): Revisiting a Late-Ming Landscape Through Visual and Literary Sources," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 314-342.

• Liu, Cary Y. "Sung Dynasty Painting of the T'ai-ch'ing-lou Library Hall: From Historical Commemoration to Architectural Renewal," Arts of the Sung and Yüan: Ritual, Ethnicity, and Style in Painting, edited by Cary Y. Liu and Dora C.Y. Ching. Princeton: The Art Museum, Princeton University, 1999, 94-119.

• Little, Stephen. Spirit Stones of China: The Ian and Susan Wilson Collection of Chinese Stones, Paintings, and Related Scholars' Objects. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago; Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Little, Stephen. "Spirit Stones of China: The Ian and Susan Wilson Collection," Orientations 30, 5 (May 1999), 32-39.

• Siu, Victoria M. "China and Europe Intertwined: A New View of the European Sector of the Chang Chun Yuan," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 376-393.

• Schwarcz, Vera. "Garden and Museum: Shadows of Memory at Peking University," East Asian History 17-18 (June-December 1999), 169-192.

• Suzhou Institute of Landscape Architectural Design, ed. Suzhou Gardens [Suzhou Yuanlin]. Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe.

• Valder, Peter. The Garden Plants of China. Sydney: Florilegium, 1999.

• Xu Yinong. "Interplay of Image and Fact: The Pavilion of Surging Waves, Suzhou," Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes, Chinese Gardens II, 19, 3/4 (1999), 288-302.

• Zeitlin, Judith. "The Secret Life of Rocks: Objects and Collectors in the Ming and Qing Imagination," Orientations 30, 5 (May 1999), 40-47.

2000

• Chiu, Che Bing. Yuanming yuan: le jardin de la clarté parfaite. Paris: Les éditions de l'imprimeur, 2000.

• Forèt, Phillippe. Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Self, Scene and Action: The Final Chapter of Yuan ye." In Landscapes of Memory and Experience. Edited by Jan Birksted. London and New York: Spon Press, 2000.

• Gournay, Antoine. Jardins de Chine et du Japon: Conception et organisation de l'espace. Paris: CNDP, 2000. Booklet plus 24 slides.

• Harrist, Robert E. "Landscape and Calligraphy in China," Orientations 31, 12 (December 2000), 64-69.

• Paolillo, Maurizio. "L'estetica del giardino Song. Il giardino di Sima Guang (1019-1086) come signum naturae," Asiatica Venetiana 5 (2000), 107-122.

• Sensabaugh, David Ake. "A Few Rocks Can Stir the Emotions: Chinese Gardens and Scholars," Orientations (January 2000), 32-39.

• Vandermeersch, Léon (ed.). L'art des jardins dans les pays sinisés: Chine, Japon, Corée, Vietnam. Saint-Denis: Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, 2000, simultaneously Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident 22 (2000).

• Xu Yinong. The Chinese City in Space and Time. The Development of Urban Form in Suzhou. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press, 2000.

2001

• McDowall, Stephen. "In Lieu of Flowers: The Transformation of Space and Self in Yuan Mei's (1716-1798) Garden Records," New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 3, 2 (December 2001), 136-149. Download as pdf.

• Jeffrey F. Meyer. "Salvation in the Garden: Daoism and Ecology," in Daoism and Ecology: Ways Within a Cosmic Landscape, ed. N.J. Girardot et al. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 219-236.

• Wong, Young-tsu. A Paradise Lost: The Imperial Garden Yuanming yuan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.

2002

• Allain, Yves-Marie, Chiu Che Bing, and Janine Christiany. Protection et mise en valeur du site du Yuanming Yuan / Yuanming Yuan yizhi de baohu he liyong. Beijing: Zhongguo linye chubanshe and Hua Xia Atelier d'Architecture, 2002.

• Feng, Jin. "Wonders of the Eastern Garden: A Study of Architectural Accuracy and the Rule of Axonometric Projection," Orientations 33, 3 (March 2002), 77-83.

• Hu, Kemin. Scholars' Rocks in Ancient China: The Suyuan Stone Catalogue. Trumbull, Conn.: Weatherhill, 2002.

• Meng, Yue. "Re-envisioning the Great Interior: Gardens and the Upper Class Between the Imperial and the 'Modern'," Modern Chinese Literature and Culture 14, 1 (Spring 2002), 1-49.

• Ryor, Kathleen. "Nature Contained: Penjing and Flower Arrangements as Surrogate Gardens in Ming China," Orientations 33, 3 (March 2002), 68-75.

• Schwarcz, Vera. "The Garden in its Time: Visions of Refuge in One Corner of Beijing," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 22, 4 (October-December 2002), 265-292.

• Valder, Peter. Gardens in China. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 2002. Reviewed by Philip K. Hu in Artibus Asiae 65.1 (2005).

• Zou, Hui. "The jing of a perspective garden," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 22, 4 (October-December 2002), 293-326.

2003

• Chung, Anita. "The Construction of a Chinese Garden Image," Orientations 34, 7 (September 2003), 73-76.

• Fung, Stanislaus. "Movement and Stillness in Ming Writings on Gardens," in Landscape Design and the Experience of Motion. Edited by Michel Conan, 243-262. Washington D.C.: Dumberton Oaks, The Trustees for Harvard University, 2003.

• Hammer, Elizabeth and Maxwell Hearn. Nature Within Walls: The Chinese Garden Court at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. A Guide for Educators. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003.

• Harrist, Robert E. "Mountains, Rocks and Stone Pictures: Forms of Visual Imagination in China," Orientations (December 2003), 39-45.

• Keswick, Maggie. The Chinese Garden: History, Art, and Architecture. 3rd edition, revised by Alison Hardie. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. Reviewed by Philip K. Hu in Artibus Asiae 65.1 (2005).

• Olivova, Lucie. "Tibetan Temples in the Forbidden City (An Architectural Introduction)," Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 71, 3 (2003), 409-432.

• Paolillo, Maurizio. "Forging the Garden: The Yuanye and the Significance of the Chinese Garden in the 17th Century," East and West 53, 1-4 (December 2003), 209-239.

• Yang Xiaoshan. Metamorphosis of the Private Sphere: Gardens and Objects in Tang-Song Poetry. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003. Reviewed by Joseph R. Allen in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 64, 2 (December 2004), 441-448.

• Yu Yali and Rolf Reiner Borchard. Gardens in Suzhou / Gärten in Suzhou. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges, 2003.

2004

• Barrier, Janine, Monique Mosser, and Che Bing Chiu eds. William Chambers, Aux jardins de Cathay: L'imaginaire anglo-chinois en Occident. Paris: Éditions de l'imprimeur, 2004.

• Baud-Berthier, Gilles, and Che Bing Chiu, eds., Jardin du lettré: Synthèse des arts en Chine. Paris: Éditions de l'imprimeur, 2004.

• Campell, Duncan, transl. A Personal Record of My Garden of Reflections, by Zheng Yuanxun. Asian Studies Institute Translation Papers, no. 5. Wellington, New Zealand: Asian Studies Insitute, Victoria University of Wellington, 2004. Download this text as a pdf file.

• Chayet, Anne. "Architectural Wonderland: An Empire of Fictions," in New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde, edited by James A. Millward et al. London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2004,33-52.

• Chung, Anita. Drawing Boundaries: Architectural Images in Qing China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2004.

• Hardie, Alison. "Pictorial Representations of Gardens in 16th-17th Century China," Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 67 (2002-2003), 33-47.

• Li, Xiaodong, and Felicia Lim. "Poetics of gardening: A holistic approach towards Chinese landscape cultivation based on the case study of Yuan Ye," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 24, 3 (July-September 2004), 229-249.

• Lin Shuen-fu. "A Good Place Need Not Be a Nowhere: The Garden and Utopian Thought in the Six Dynasties," in Zai Zongqi ed., Chinese Aesthetics: The Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004, 123-166.

• Silbergeld, Jerome. "Beyond Suzhou: Region and Memory in the Gardens of Sichuan," The Art Bulletin 86, 2 (June 2004), 207-227.

• Tang, Keyang. "From ruined gardens to Yan Yuan - A transformed vision of the 'Chinese Garden': a discussion of Henry K. Murphy's Yenching University campus planning," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 24, 2 (April-June 2004), 150-172.

• Watson, Philip. "Famous Gardens of Luoyang, by Li Gefei," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 24, 1 (January-March 2004), 38-54.

• Yang Xiaoshan. "Li Gefei's 'Luoyang mingyuan ji' (A Record of the Celebrated Gardens of Luoyang): Text and Context," Monumenta Serica 52 (2004), 221-255.

• Xu Yinong. "Boundaries, centres and peripheries in Chinese gardens: A case of Suzhou in the eleventh century," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 24, 1 (January-March 2004), 21-37.

2005

• Liu, Xiuzhi and Alison Hardie. "The Garden of Perfect Brightness (YUANMINGYUAN) at the Height of Its Splendour: Translated from Wang Wei (2002), / [The Yuanmingyan Ruins]," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 25, 1 (January-March 2005), 1-22.

• Hardie, Alison, "Yuan Huang's Record of the Hall Surrounded by Jade of Master Sitting-in-Reculsion," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 25, 1 (January-March 2005), 71-81.

• West, Stephen. "Spectacle, Ritual, and Social Relations: The Son of Heaven, Citizens, and Created Space in Imperial Gardens in the Northern Song," Baroque Garden Cultures: Emulation, Sublimation, Subversion, edited by Michel Conan. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2005, 291-320.

• Wu, Xin. "Yuelu Academy: Landscape and Gardens of Neo-Confucian Pedagogy," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 25, 3 (July-September 2005), 156-190.

2006

• Egan, Ronald. "The Peony's Allure: Botanical Treatises and Floral Beauty," Chapter 3 in Ronald Egan, The Problem of Beauty: Aesthetic Thought and Pursuits in Northern Song Dynasty China. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 109-161.

• Hardie, Alison. "Conflicting Discourse and the Discourse of Conflict: Eremitism and the Pastoral in the Poetry of Ruan Dacheng (c.1587-1646)," in Reading China : Fiction, History and the Dynamics of Discourse - Essays in Honour of Professor Glen Dudbridge, edited by Daria Berg. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2006.

• Hardie, Alison. "Think Globally, Build Locally: Syncretism and Symbolism in the Garden of Sitting in Reclusion," Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes 26, 4 (October-December 2006), 295-308.

2007

• Chen Yunru. "At the Emperor's Invitation: Literary Gathering and the Emergence of Imperial Garden Space in Song Painting," Orientations (January/February 2007), 56-61.

• Hardie, Alison. "'Massive Structure' or 'Spacious Naturalness'? Aesthetic Choices in the Wang Families' Gardens in Taicang," Ming Studies 55 (2007), 3-33.

• Hardie, Alison. "Washing the Wutong Tree: Garden Culture as an Expression of Women's Gentility in the Late Ming," in China and the Quest for Gentility: Negotiations beyond Gender and Class, edited by Daria Berg & Chloe Starr. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.

• Walton, Linda. "Academy Landscapes and the Ritualization of Cultural Memory in China under the Mongols," in Performance and Appropriation: Profane Rituals in Gardens and Landscapes, edited by Michael Conan. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007, 153-170.

2008

• Brash, Carol. "Representations of Gardens under the Ming." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 2008.

• Holdsworth, May. The Palace of Established Happiness: Restoring a Garden in the Forbidden City. Beijing: Forbidden City Publishing House, 2008.

• Schwarcz, Vera. Place and Memory in the Singing Crane Garden. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.

2009

• Berliner, Nancy. Juanqinzhai in the Qianlong Garden: The Forbidden City. New York: Scala Publishers, 2009.

• Wan, Maggie C. K. "Building an Immortal Land: The Ming Jiajing Emperor's West Park," Asia Major 22.2 (2009), 65-99.

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