Funk, R. E. 1992, Tivoli Bays as a Setting for Cultural Ecological Resurch

The Tivoli Bays as a Middle-Scale Setting for Cultural-Ecological Research

By Robert E. Funk, Anthropological Survey, New York State Museum

Table 1

Years before Present (Radio- carbon Years) Pollen Zones (After Deevey) Environmental Synthesis Clutural Stages Phases, Complexes, or Horizon Styles Major Hudson Valley Sites & Components (Components on Tivoli Bays in Italics)

500 C3b Spruce pine rise, Cool, moist. (Correlates largely with Little Ice Age.) Sea approaches present level. HISTORIC Rip Van Winkle, Grape

1,000 LATE
WOODLAND Garoga, Chance Oak Hill, Ceramic Castle Creek, Canandiagua horizons, Carpenter Brook Hurley, S. Cruger, Kingston, Chance, Goat Island, Coffin, S. Cruger, Dennis, Rural Cemetery, Welling

2,000 C3a The Oak hemlock chestnut period. Cool, moist. MIDDLE
WOODLAND Hunter's Home phase Black Rock, Turnbull

Fourmile phase Tufano, Weinman, River, Goat Island

Fox Creek phase Westheimer, Ford, Parslow, Goat Island?, Grouse Bluff? Canoe Point

3,000 Possible dry episode. EARLY
WOODLAND Bushkill? phase Westheimer, Goat Island, Grouse Bluff

Middlesex? phase Palatine Bridge, Dennis

Meadowood phase Dennis, Nahrwold, Grouse Bluff

C2 The Oak Hickory period. Warm, dry. Increase in hickory, beech, white oak, hemlock. Rise in abundance of mast foods, small mammals, deer. Slower rate of sea level rise. TRANSITIONAL Frost Island phase?
Orient phase Coffin, Dennis, Lotus Grouse Bluff, S. Cruger

Snook Kill Vedder, Snook Kill, Weir

4,000 Hemlock lowest frequency LATE
ARCHAIC Battenkill River phase Oatman, Dennis, Bent, River, Young, Pickle Hill, Grouse Bluff

Sylvan Like phase Sylvan Lake, Weinman, Hennessy, Grouse Bluff, S. Cruger

Vosburg phase Sylvan Lake, Weinman, Grouse Bluff, S. Cruger

6,000 C1 The Oak Hemlock period. Warm, moist. High frequencies small mammals than previous period. MIDDLE
ARCHAIC Vergennes? South Hill? Otter Creek points Weinman, Bannerman, S. Cruger, Shafer, Sylvan Lake, Dogan Point, Grouse Bluff
Stark? point horizon
Neville complex North Bowdoin, Muddy Brook, Grouse Bluff, Mohonk


Years before Present (Radio- carbon Years)	Pollen Zones (After Deevey)	Environmental Synthesis	Clutural Stages	Phases, Complexes, or Horizon Styles	Major Hudson Valley Sites & Components (Components on Tivoli Bays in Italics)

500	C3b	Spruce pine rise, Cool, moist. (Correlates largely with Little Ice Age.) Sea approaches present level.	HISTORIC		Rip Van Winkle, Grape
1,000			LATE WOODLAND	Garoga, Chance Oak Hill, Ceramic Castle Creek, Canandiagua horizons, Carpenter Brook	Hurley, S. Cruger, Kingston, Chance, Goat Island, Coffin, S. Cruger, Dennis, Rural Cemetery, Welling
2,000	C3a	The Oak hemlock chestnut period. Cool, moist.	MIDDLE WOODLAND	Hunter's Home phase	Black Rock, Turnbull
				Fourmile phase	Tufano, Weinman, River, Goat Island
				Fox Creek phase	Westheimer, Ford, Parslow, Goat Island?, Grouse Bluff? Canoe Point
3,000		Possible dry episode.	EARLY WOODLAND	Bushkill? phase	Westheimer, Goat Island, Grouse Bluff
				Middlesex? phase	Palatine Bridge, Dennis
				Meadowood phase	Dennis, Nahrwold, Grouse Bluff
	C2	The Oak Hickory period. Warm, dry. Increase in hickory, beech, white oak, hemlock. Rise in abundance of mast foods, small mammals, deer. Slower rate of sea level rise.	TRANSITIONAL	Frost Island phase? Orient phase	Coffin, Dennis, Lotus Grouse Bluff, S. Cruger
				Snook Kill	Vedder, Snook Kill, Weir
4,000		Hemlock lowest frequency	LATE ARCHAIC	Battenkill River phase	Oatman, Dennis, Bent, River, Young, Pickle Hill, Grouse Bluff
				Sylvan Like phase	Sylvan Lake, Weinman, Hennessy, Grouse Bluff, S. Cruger
				Vosburg phase	Sylvan Lake, Weinman, Grouse Bluff, S. Cruger
6,000	C1	The Oak Hemlock period. Warm, moist. High frequencies small mammals than previous period.	MIDDLE ARCHAIC	Vergennes? South Hill? Otter Creek points	Weinman, Bannerman, S. Cruger, Shafer, Sylvan Lake, Dogan Point, Grouse Bluff
				Stark? point horizon Neville complex	North Bowdoin, Muddy Brook, Grouse Bluff, Mohonk

The Tivoli Bays as a Middle-Scale Setting for Cultural-Ecological Research

Table 1

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